![]() ![]() Precipitating factors include allergens, emotional upheaval, cold weather, exercise, chemicals, medications, and viral infections.Ĭhronic bronchitis: Widespread inflammation of airways with narrowing or blocking of airways, increased production of mucoid sputum and marked cyanosis.Įmphysema: A most severe form of COPD, characterized by recurrent inflammation that damages and eventually destroys alveolar walls to create large blebs or bullae (air spaces) and collapsed bronchioles on expiration (air-trapping).Ī diagnosis of COPD should be considered in any client who has dyspnea, chronic cough or sputum production, a history of recurrent lower respiratory tract infections, and/or a history of exposure to risk factors for the disease, but forced spirometry showing the presence of a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC 80% predicted) These changes can be influenced by factors like chronic inflammation, environmental exposures, and genetic factors like alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency.Īsthma: Also known as chronic reactive airway disease, asthma is characterized by reversible inflammation and constriction of bronchial smooth muscle, hypersecretion of mucus, and edema. Imbalances of substances in the lung, such as proteinases, can further contribute to airflow limitation. In the lung parenchyma, alveolar wall destruction and loss of elastic recoil occur. In the airways, there are increased mucus production, thickening of the airway wall, and overall narrowing. It leads to narrowing of the airways and changes in lung parenchyma and pulmonary vasculature. As with previous editions, the 2018 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (GOLD) update seeks to provide comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of COPD (Mirza et al., 2018).ĬOPD is a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms of dyspnea, cough, sputum production, and exacerbations due to abnormalities of the airways such as bronchitis and/or alveoli that cause persistent, often progressive, airflow obstruction, such as in emphysema (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 2022).ĬOPD is a progressive disease that affects the lungs and is associated with chronic inflammation and abnormal inflammatory responses to harmful particles or gases. What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?Ĭhronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common, preventable, and treatable disease that is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation that is due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities, usually caused by significant exposure to noxious particles or gases. Providing Patient Education & Health Teachings Promoting Infection Control & Preventing Complications Administering Medications and Pharmacological Support Improving Breathing Pattern Through Breathing Exercises Promoting Effective Gas Exchange & Oxygen Therapy What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?. ![]()
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